Warsaw Uprising Essay Example for Free

capital of Poland arise EssayIt all started on August the foremost. The Warsaw Uprising was in f guess the largest single operation conducted by a partisan organization during 2nd world war. The Warsaw UPRISING was actually a conflict of the semblance armed struggle in order to liberate Warsaw and its 1,000,000 people from the German pursuit when the Soviet force was entering the city limits from the east.The 378,000 Polish armed people augmented by 2,000-strong nationalist and communist units in the beginning controlled a major part of Warsaws left bank. Later, with the German determination for a complete invasion on all the installation as well as the military checkpoints, the Warsaw Uprising ended after 63 old age of effort killing more then fifteen thousand people dead and 5,000 wounded in addition to 200,000 Polish civilians who also died during this whole growth where the entire city was devastated. On the other hand German lost its 16,000 lives and 9,000 wounded. (K rall, Hanna. 1986)United State and British armament had already landed in Normandy and the expiration Army had entered through the Eastern front into the city of Warsaw. Ever since the start of the Nazi occupation the locals had been planning for a complete underground attack, and on 1st August 1944 the order was ultimately given by General Bor Komorowski for the forces of the Armia Krajowa (AK) get the Warsaw back from the Germans, which was been occupied since 4 years.In Warsaw the polish armament was commanded by General Antoni Chruciel, codename Monter initially. Under his command the polish insurgents came out on the street to vex the Germans. The Germans were prepared fortified forces, and they had been on full alert hitherto the polish youth who initiated the insurgency were inexperienced Polish youths had to attack an experienced, fully equipped enemy in daylight. Realizing the fact of being weak the polish commander requested the British Army for help.British army was already helping the locals against the Russians and Germans in a lot of other areas of USSR. British helped the polish but were non on their priority list. Despite their help was very clarified but that made a difference in their regime as it has a large psychotically affect on the German army. Americans also sent the help to polish but it was too very late like in mid of phratryIn slightly parts they succeeded and in some partisans had to retreat. The attacks on the major installations like airbase and radio stations were all repulsed. The first attack is the most eventful step, was thus only partially achieved as the city was mostly in control of insurgents, just within there were still a lot of fortified pockets of German army. The first day at war, ended with a lot of casualties from both sides. (Ciborowski, 1962)The fight went on for four continuous days and till 4th, Srodmiescie was largely in Polish hands. Germans had to retreat from rdmiecie-Powile-Starwka-Wola re gion, the Zyrardow region, and the Mokotow. The polish was out of supplies thus General Komorowski asked the British and Americans to send them with ammunition and air support. The aid began and the city was largely in controlPolish fighter pilots flying from bases on the Apula (Italy) started shelling oer Warsaw. Those pilots had to return to Italy, however the Soviets denied them permission to use there bases.First unyielding fleck by the Germans came out on 5th of August. The engorge came from the Wola region, and after three days of intense fighting, the 5000 Wehrmacht soldiers succeeded in dividing the part of the ARMIA KRAJOWA defense which was the most important area of polish insurgency, which comprised of about 2000 unequipped soldiers. (J. Kirchmayer Powstanie Warszawskie)Simultaneously, the other German failed in Mokotow-Ochota region. The insurgents were successful in protecting the rdmiecie for over a week, staving off an wee fall down of the armed effort. The Germ ans were able to make only limited movement.During August 8, Stalin ordered to delay militant actions close to Warsaw. He denied any ally transport air aid to land on Soviet airfields which practically denied helping the uprising by airdropping the supplies, as the nearest airport were located in England and Italy.By August 10th, however, the ARMIA KRAJOWA leadership knew the result of the Soviet-German war. They knew that they would not be able to combat the insurgents. As a result they started to expel their rage on the civilians. That activity changed the war into dirty struggle where a lot of innocent people were executed. The polish insurgents were very determent to be liberated.After the fall of Wola, the German army concentrated all their army on the Stare Miasto region. That area was considered to be most insurgent region, having bridges conceiting it to Vistula.The attack came on the 12th of August, and after heavily fighting, the Poles were forced to retreat, evacuating from old Jewish ghetto. While the German retreat they had to face insurgency thus making the Germans to divert some troops from the main thrust to deal with this new event. Polish requested the British for air aid. Thus ARMIA KRAJOWA units were sent to help the insurgents The insurgents became successful in drawing some of the German forces from the Warsaw. (T. Br-Komorowski Armia Podziemna)Powisle was conquered by the Germans on 6th of September, pacifying defenseless civilians. On September 11th 47th Soviet army conquered the Prague. The Bach regiment was ordered to fully take out off the partisans from the Vistula with help of German air force and the 9th Armored role. Red Army resumes its fight towards Warsaw. German and Russian airplanes engage in dog fights over the city. Soviet artillery shells German positions in Praga, Saxon Garden and Okenche air base. The German offensive became successful in narrowing the positions of insurgents to only a small piece of land near the Wilanowska Zagrna streets.On 10th September the Red Army ordered the Marshal Konstantin Rokossovy, to enter the city however they met heavy resistance. After five days of struggle the Soviet forces were able to capture the right bank of the city. Rokossovy then restricted his army from further fight and waited for reinforcements.On 15th of September, when the uprising was already on the edge of disaster, a mass air-drop was possible. However to their dismay the air drop was mostly been acquired by the insurgents instead of the Germans. Even they captured the arms and ammunition. That affected the Germans position in the region diversely. (Adler, Stanislaw, 1982)For three consecutive nights, 1,600 soldiers from Berlings army cross the Vistula and join insurgents in the Czerniakow district. The tried landing in September 17th to 18th in the district fails with most of the 1,050 people executed or captured.On 20th of September germen army did some strategic changes to fight western a llies along with the polish insurgents. The complete force, renamed the Warsaw Home Army Corps (Warszawski Korpus Armii Krajowej) and commanded by General Antoni ChrucielHeavy fighting in Czerniakow continues till September 23rd. Some defenders left across the river, others reach the City Center. Germans killed all captured insurgents and take Berlings soldiers as prisoners of war. (A. Borkiewicz Powstanie Warszawskie 1944)On 16th Germans with help of the 9th army targeted the bridges followed by attack on Mokotw, and taken over Makotow on 27th of SeptemberOn 30th September the 19th Armored Division supported by Bach regiment attacked oliborz, and captured it. This all resulted in hunger, the lack of arms, ammunition and medical help, therefore ARMIA KRAJOWA started negotiating with Bach.The Polish Red Cross negotiated with Bach-Zelewski the act of act of surrender was signed by both parties on October 2, 1944 and. 20,000 Armia Krojowa soldiers were held as prisoners of war by Germ ans. The civilian were allowed toReferencesA. Borkiewicz Powstanie Warszawskie 1944Adler, Stanislaw. In the Warsaw Ghetto 1940-1943 An Account of an Eyewitness. Jerusalem Yad Vashem, 1982.Ciborowski, Adolf and Stanislaw Jankowski. Warsaw Rebuilt. Warsaw Polonia Publishing House, 1962.J. Kirchmayer Powstanie WarszawskieT. Br-Komorowski Armia PodziemnaKrall, Hanna. Shielding the Flame An Intimate Conversation with Dr. Marek Edelman, the Last Surviving Leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. New York Holt, 1986.

Crisis in Movies Assignment Essay Example for Free

Crisis in Movies Assignment Essay1. get a line effectuate event(s). (10 pts.)The movie I chose to watch is Courageous. The precipitating event in this movie is the simple machine accident that takes the life of Emily Mitchell. Her father, rapture Mitchell, and the rest of her family are traumatized by the sudden death of their 9 year honest-to-god daughter/sister. In thinking ab by information that would be gained in the first contact with Adam Mitchell, one thing that stands out about his earlier state of mind/functioning is that he was manywhat uninvolved with his children, taking them for granted. This fact arsehole also be a trigger for how he mathematical processes this event, make a crisis for him as he realized his young daughter is now gone. In another scene, Emilys brother, Dylan Mitchell, shares that he feels guilty that he wasnt a better brother. Both of these relational states prior to Emilys death tramp be a precipitating factor in how they process this t rauma influencing whether they situate stuck in crisis of guilt, depression over lost time, etc. or whether they see this as an opportunity for change in the way they handle relationships from now on.2. Identify the type of crisis (Situational, Developmental, Existential). (10 pts.) This crisis is a situational crisis, in that it is brought about by the sudden death of Emily. However, it can also produce developmental and empirical crises in the lives of this family, as they process their loss. A traumatic event is known to potentially create problems in the future development of the individual or family, and it is certainly known to create existential crises, as the individuals core beliefs about self, others, and the world are extremely challenged during crisis. Beliefs about meaning, purpose, and the existence of God are often questioned after major(ip) tragedy. 3. Identify the material, in the flesh(predicate), and social resources operable to the individual. (10 pts.) The material resources available to this family were that they were a middle class family, with a stable home, and no financial worries that were evident to complicate their loss.The personal resources of the family were that they seemed to be a fairly strong, intact family prior to the crisis. They were clearly a family of great faith in God, and this personal resource literally becomes what carries them through the crisis. As a result of their involvement in church and community, they had the social support of their friends/church members in the early days following the loss. Adam Mitchell also has the ongoing counsel of his pastor, who walks through the process with him, comforting him yet challenging him to grow and not get stuck. 4. What were the differing intuitions of the crisis? (the lymph node, family, community, friends, legal perspectives) (10 pts.) The perspectives within the family are the most obvious. Adam take his family to accept the tragedy as Gods will for their li ves and to trust Him with their pain and healing. He seemed to grieve for a while and then dive indemnify in to trying to be a better dad. The mother is shown grieving, and then later supporting him as he sought to change his parenting therefore, her perception seemed to be a fairly healthy one.The brother, Dylan, did not seem to do as well at first. He isolated for a while, solely the reason came out one night at the dinner table when he cried, saying he should get been a better brother. The guilt had obviously been causing him to withdraw, entirely when he finally talked about his real feelings, he is seen making improvements. 5. Briefly, how was the crisis handled by the protagonist? (10 pts.) The protagonist in this movie was Adam Mitchell, the father of Emily who died in the car crash. Adam handled this crisis very well, as it became a catalyst for growth for him. In one session, he is talking with his pastor after a few scenes that have shown him grieving, his wife grieving , and his son beginning to isolate from the family. It is at this time that Adam has a choice in how he handles his opportunity to move forward or stay stuck. He tells his pastor that he does not want to get stuck and bitter, that he wants to heal and he wants his family to heal.It is at this point in the movie that Adam begins to pour himself into studying what Gods word has to say about being a father. After discovering that he was only doing a small administer of what God required of him as a dad, he makes a resolution to change that. Indeed, he does so and brings several other men along with him as well. By choosing to grieve in a healthy way, Adam allowed his crisis to make him a better father and to develop his relationship with his wife and son to a stronger perspective than it had been even before his daughters death.6. Suggest several steps for your invitee that could be used to handle the crisis. (10 pts.) Since this crisis did not put Adam, or anyone else in his family , in direct danger, I would take on the role of a facilitator. As a facilitator, I would collaborate with Adam to set some goals for himself. An important thing to remember would be to help him survive and rebuild. This ultimate goal can be accomplished through smaller goals that center on bridging the past, accepting and living with the present, and finding a unfermented path for the future. Practical steps for Adam in processing his loss would be to suggest that he remain connected to his support system, gently guide him to face his pain versus repress it, and have him identify inessential losses and unfinished business collectible to his daughters death.One poignant example of resolving unfinished business in the movie is when Adam goes and pretends to dance with his daughter in the place where he had rejected her invitation a few days before she died. While we cant always recover secondary losses, we can allow the secondary losses to teach us about how to handle relationships differently in the future. This information can be used in finding a red-hot path. Lastly, if my client was a Christian and I could talk openly about God, I would help to reframe their understanding based on a biblical perception of how God promises to use crises for the effectual of those who love Him and are called according to His purpose (Romans 828). Lastly, considering that this was a sudden and traumatic death, I would likely suggest a grief support group for the family.7. Suggest steps for teaching coping skills and developing resiliency (preventing the crisis from reoccurring). (10 pts.) Its hard to keep a death from reoccurring, but a client can be strengthened so that they do not move into active crisis each time they fear a new loss. In the case of sudden death of a loved one, a sense of fear over a new loss can about cripple a client. I have had personal experience with this myself after losing my son in a drowning accident.Therefore, I would immediately want to hel p the client frame healthy perceptions about the event so that fear patterns do not get locked into the brain. Therefore, when it comes to re-traumatization after an initial trauma, early intervention is critical. Crisis debriefing can help to prevent trauma loops from being formed in the brain, which would contribute to possible crisis reoccurrence. As far as resiliency is concerned, I would suggest that the client remain connected to social support and remain connected to God. Trusting Him in crisis can help tremendously toward a healthy outcome.8. What referral sources would be available to the client if he/she lived in your area? (specific names of organizations in your area to which you might refer your client. You might have to research your area for this.) (10 pts.) Grief parting groups at several churches in the area (i.e. Hebron Baptist), Cornerstone Counseling (provides trauma recovery services), Paraclete Counseling Center, Robbie Sherrill, LCC9. Discuss a Biblical world view or principal link to the crisis. (10 pts.) Anytime there is a tragedy or loss, one might be tempted to question the goodness of God, or even the reality of God. However, God is in control and never surprised by tragedy. A good principle to remember when God does allow suffering is to trust that God works all things for the good of those who love Him and are called according to His purpose (Romans 828). Also, Scripture makes it clear that God uses suffering to refine us. Therefore, processing tragedy by asking what can I learn from this is healthier and more biblical than seeking to know wherefore. God knows the end from the beginning, and even though we may not know why while on earth, we can know the peace that comes from trusting Him to bring good from our suffering.

The Pakistani Stock Market and its Analysis

The Pakistani Stock Market and its AnalysisIn this report we will be giving an overview of the Pakistani Stock Market with specific emphasis on the Karachi Stock commute (KSE). The history of the Stock Market will be provided, a yen with an analysis on the major spikes in the foodstuff and the reasons for these spikes. The major sectors contributing to the Stock Exchange Market be withal noblelighted in this report. however, the Stock Markets role in the harvest-feast of the preservation along with merc go byise forefingers will also be discussed. The Last objective that we will be covering in our report would be to disclose the factors which affect the performance of the Stock Market. The time frame that this report will cover will be between January 2001 and December 2009.OverviewThe Pakistan rake market has one-third major listingsRegular Days TimingsPre- market sessions from 0915am to 0930am and normal trading sessions from 0930am to 0330pm.The Karachi Stock Exchang e (KSE)The Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE)The Islamabad Stock Exchange. (ISE)The ISE was incorpo reckond as a guarantee limited Company on 25th October, 1989 and became fully operational on August 10, 1992. In 1997 ISE it introduced an automated trading system (ISECTS) and later changed it to radical TRADING system in 2002. Presently ISEs turnover has reached 1 million shargons per day and has 118 members.1Another parentage(a) exchange in the Pakistan hackneyed market is the LSE, which is the starting signal automated stock exchange of Pakistan, is also the second rangyst stock exchange of Pakistan. It was established in October 1970 and currently has 519 listed companies from 37 sectors of the scrimping. The total market capitalization is well-nigh Rs 2746.325 billion.2The last stock exchange in Pakistan is the KSE, which is the largest stock exchange in Pakistan and was established on September 18 1947 and was incorporated on March 10, 1949 in edict to of importtain the inter satisfy between the lenders of capital such as savers and investors and borrowers of capital such as regime and companies. As individuals had excess amount of capital and were looking at options to gain much funds and while companies were seeking for investors who would invest in in that location firm to increase capital. Karachi Stock exchange provided them with a platform to allow the business to take place between them with benefits being enjoyed by both the parties. The stock exchange started with 5 companies with a paid-up capital of 37 million. Trading use to took place by the open out cry system on pits on the trading floors. The first list introduced by Karachi Stock Exchange was the KSE 50 index. In 1991 foreign investors were given the probability of operating in the secondary capital market and also cod to the privatization form _or_ system of government in Pakistan the development of the Karachi Stock Exchange accelerated. The KSE 50 index was removed as it was not truly representing the stock markets performance as a end point in 1991 the capital weighted KSE 100 index was launched. It started trading through the computerized trading system Karachi Automated Trading System (KATS) since 1997. In 2005 online trading was also introduced making it more easy to use for investors. Membership of KSE is fixed and limited to 200 members, which can include individual, corporate and foreign entities. Prospective members subscribe to procure membership from existing members and the price is negotiable between the buyers and sellers3.The intimately dominant sectors in the Pakistani market are the Oil and Gas exploration and dispersal companies such as OGDC, POL, PPL, and PSO. Fertilizer manufacturing firms are also important companies in the market. These would include ENGRO and FFCG. Moreover, other sectors which make up a major chunk of the stock market are telecommunications (PTCL), power generation (HUBCO) and commercial banking sector (NBP, Standard Chartered and MCB)4.KSE has a total listing of 650 companies as of 2010, with a total market capitalization of Rs 2,890 billion at the end of March 2010. At the moment the stock exchange heaps on 4 indices of which two are world cognize indices which are KSE 100, KSE all(a) Share Index and the other two are KMI 30 and KSE 30. KSE, being the leading stock exchange in Pakistan considers ordinary shares, perceptiveness shares, redeemable certificates and term-finance certificates such as corporate bonds, and since 2003, succeeding(a)s trading in some active stocks also started.KSE also wants to have wide based investor participation. This would help in dealing with them more easily and would increase the efficiency of the stock exchange. It wants to become a Hub for capital funds this would be done by increasing the air bladder of existing trade companies. It also wants to introduce cross-b put listing of companies and the trading of indices would also take place throug h cross-border listing.Market IndicatorsThere are three indicators that face how well the economy is doing presently or is exhalation to do in the incoming day. Investors use these indicators to make their investment decisions. These three indicators areLeading Indicators These indicate succeeding(a) events and the Stock Market is a part of this. They are assumptions into the future. The Stock Market is a leading indicator because the stock market usually begins to fall sooner the economy starts to fall, and the Stock Market becomes better before the economy comes out of a recession. These indicators are very(prenominal) important for investors because they predict what the economy is press release to be like in the future and thus influence investment decisions. However they are only short term predictors of the economy.Lagging Indicators This indicator is one that follows an event. The most important lagging indicator is unemployment. It has the ability to see if a pattern is occurring or about to occur. If the unemployment rate is increasing steadily, accordingly this indicates that the economy is doing poorly.Coincident Indicators This indicator occurs at approximately the same time as the conditions they denote. They change at the same time as the economy or the stock market. Personal income is a coincident indicator high personal incomes indicate a strong economy. GDP is also a coincident indicator.Affects of KSE on the economyOne of the main goals of KSE is to reflect Pakistans economic health by providing an efficient, fair and transparent Securities Market. Therefore KSE plays a leading role in the growth and development of Pakistan. The GDP and the components which make to calculating the GDP show that when they are of positive value, the GDP will be good. These components will only be positive when the people are overpowering and/or saving, when there are investment opportunities etc. all this reflects the KSEs functionality. If KSE is fu nctioning in a good condition, stock trading is been done in numbers, then consumption and investment in Pakistan is increasing.Thus, we can say that it is the KSE that enhances and pushes up the activities of Pakistans economy. It is through KSE that many major companies have succeeded in traveling the long journey to success. with this Market (KSE) businesses issue stock to raise money in order to finance expansions and also, when there is a need of additional capital in order to operate successfully. The common term for such financing is Equity Financing.How does this all affect the economy then?It is through these stock issues by businesses and companies that give investors an opportunity to invest in a moderate take a chance instrument. When companies will issue stock in order to expand its operation and investors will buy stock it will automatically give a boom to the economy through creating employment opportunities in a orbit through which production and consumption in th e economy increases. The unemployment rate for Pakistan, which is steadily declining. One factor contributing to this decline is the Stock Exchange.5The money which could have been lying idle in the saving accounts or in idle deposits with the bank is now being invested to promote business activity. It is also benefiting several economic factors such as commerce, industry and agriculture. People who apply to save money because of lack of investment opportunity now are investing that money in stock markets.KSE being the highest tax payer in Pakistan contributes a large sum of money in the economy where the listed companies also contribute 10 percent of total tax income collected by the Government. regular(a) the KSE brokers contribute about 50 percent of their profits by paying taxes on them. Lastly the investors who also pay 10 percent of their dividends as taxes. All this money goes to the government who nevertheless invests it in the economy.KSE also provides opportunities for investments to the small investors. Those investors, who either love to be an owner of the fellowship or stay home or earn profits, get benefited by investing in Stocks. Any one whether big or small stock investor can invest in KSE. In short KSE provides the small investors to own stock of the same firms as large investors.In terms of share prices and their demand and supply all stock markets are fluctuating markets. Share prices tend to rise or remain stable when the economy is either growing or is stable. And when an economy is going through unenviable times like depression, recession or financial crisis the stock market tends to crash down. Through fluctuation of KSE stock prices we can say that the market plays a vital role in the growth and downfall of Pakistans economy.With the emergence of KSE, it has attracted many foreign investors who have been investing large amounts of money in Pakistans stock markets and particularly Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). This has given a bo om to the economy in the early days when foreign investment was started in Pakistan.Beside the factors mentioned above there are other factors that affects the KSE and eventually the economy.A very small number of the population of Pakistan is actual participant of KSE. Trading is done by a few major investors who are the market makers. They tend to manipulate the market for their own good more then actually making it for others. This creates volatility in the market make it to crash down at times.Other related factor is the small number of investors who invest usually by following the price trend which is resolved by the market forces i.e. the supply and demand. The demand and supply eventually reflects the trading of stocks which reflects the economy of Pakistan.Recent events and incidents concerning internal security situation and political uncertainty have hurt the trading of stocks and KSE. Indirectly the economy also suffered because of this.As Pakistan is largely dependant on global economies, it suffers when countries like US and EU are going through recession phase. Stock market loses its trading activity which was being done by foreign countries. When theres less foreign investment, KSE Index tends to fall. If this goes on for long then the economy gets affected negatively.Lately many investors have shown interest in Mutual funds which is why it has become an important player in Karachi Stock Exchange. Though its true that common funds are the least risky investment, but when the market crashes down due to some reason, the ones who invested in mutual funds face losses. This is because when some variables like recession, political or economic situation of the country, war, inflation etc. affect the market, they also affect the entire operate of stocks. The type which is traded in stock market is closed-end Mutual Funds, price of which is determined by the demand and supply of the shares. This is the reason why the investors suffer losses when mark et crashes down.AnalysisIn 2001, the KSE index had grown to 1770 points after its introduction with a base of 1000 points in 1991.6On September 11, 2001 when two planes crashed into the world trade center in New York, there was a slight effect on the Pakistani market, even though it was not very pronounced the stock market still remained closed for 3 days and opened with the introduction of new circuit breakers to check volatility. The index fell from 1255.99 points to 1208.3 points, and go on locomote for a few days as an aftermath of the event. In October 2001, KSE reported a 33% increase in its index for the month owing to a resolve in the Crescent Investment bank overexposure and also positive financial indicators for Pakistan such as a debt write off and a drop-off in interest rates. The market again fell from May 18 to 20, 2002 when there was a tension in the Pakistan-India border, resulting in a loss of 252 points in the index. Moreover the short comings of the COT system which promoted overtrading by investors as well as sudden withdrawal of funds from COT financiers contributed to the sudden loss in the index.In 2002, KSE experienced phenomenal growth in the market (an increase of 92%) because of the effective macro economic policies that the government implemented. KSE got the title of The best execute market amongst the leading stock markets of the world as Pakistan and Srilanka were the only two countries in Asia to not report a loss in that family. The bullish economy was present because of a number of reasons which include an increase in interest of foreign investors in the market.The start of 2003 however was bearish because of the Iraq crisis which bought uncertainty in the market. Moreover high leverage and over bought positions in the carry over market by speculators increased uncertainty. Because of speculation, those who had bought the stocks through borrowings, started panic selling them to make a large profit and which resulted in a sharp fall in the KSE index. However when the uncertainty of the Iraq war crisis reduced, the market recovered significantly along with anticipations of favorable future relations with India. Moreover, the announcement of the budget and the successful visit of the Pakistani president to the USA boosted investors confidence, and 2003 ended with the KSE all time high index of 3402 points.The 2003 boom continued till the mid of 2004 and resulted in an index of 5620.7 on 16th April 2004. Moreover a record turnover of a billion shares was also seen on this day. During the year KSE continued to perform well and has succeeded in doing so because of mixed reasons such as the continuation of sound macro economic policies by the government.By 2005, due to a period of robust growth the index had skyrocketed to 9,989 points. After touchting a peak at an approx of 10303 points, in March 2005, we see the Karachi 100 index of the Karachi stock exchange falling back into instability till the end o f May 2005 (30/may/2005 6707.56 which was the 2005 market crash). On 8th October 2005, Northern parts of Pakistan were hit by an earthquake which devastated the country and led to the stock market declining sharply. However some sectors actually increased trading such as cement, food, and banking sectors because investors believed in a positive future outlook.We analyzed that there were two kinds of responses that investors give out whenever the economy of Pakistan hits a political or law and order crisis either there is a marked indifference or there is a marked difference. According to Bloombergs researchers, the KSE is affected positively when the investors, both local and foreign take an action when they believe that the country holds promise. The index takes a negative turn when investors pull out from the market, or when there is more supply and less demand, as the economy or one major player as a whole takes a downturn.In 2006, rising gold prices made the investors transfer their money from stock to gold which was just one of the factors why the KSE reached from 12000 points only to sink to 9600 points. Foreign buying interest had been very active on the KSE in 2006 and continued in 2007.The KSE underwent through a fall in 2008 mostly because of the global financial crisis and partly due to the municipal situation in the country. The index plunged in 31 December 2008 to 5685.01 from the record of 15,676.34 on April 18, 2008. The once thriving KSE-100 index of over 15676 points now went at a record low around 9,187 on 21 November 2008 where the KSE put a floor price for stocks to keep it from plunging down. The index froze to 9187.1 points till 14 December 2008. After resuming trading however the index only managed to further slope down from 15 December 2008 onwards. It only stopped going down after it hit a new low at 4815.34 points on 27 January 2009 and from then gradually started to recover throughout the entire 2009.As said, the fall of stock mark et fall of 2008 contributed to a few things. First the domestic troubles caused by regime change lack of political stability in Pakistan, convinced a lot of people that Pakistan was not much of a drop of opportunity. Then with the global crisis, Pakistan too was affected.The credit default swap rose causing Standard Poors and Moodys to lower its ratings to a negative for Pakistan and putting altogether more pressure on the Pakistani Currency. And with foreign tolerates falling by more than 60 percent, investors both local and foreign thus started to believe that the country which was under so much debt will soon if not immediately will start to default. The countrys CPI too spiked high, and though the State deposit of Pakistan tried its best to enforce a tighter pecuniary policy, it still failed. Eventually all these factors caused increasing inflation and current account deficit. High inflation and high interest rates for the major players meant cutting down salute, most compa nies then suspended their growth plans till the economy stabilized. But this also meant unemployment. For investors, spending cost increased and saving and investment cost decreased. Foreign investors seemed alarmed and took Pakistans weak economy not very attractive.7Factors Affecting KSEKarachi Stock Exchange (KSE) is affected by number of factors directly or indirectly. Some of the major factors areInterest RatesInflationMonetary policyForeign Direct InvestmentsLaw and orderInterest RatesThe cost of borrowing money, and they have a coarse impact on KSE especially short-term interest rate the Stock Exchange is basically a place where an individual can invest his/her money to gain profit by taking a risk. On the other hand depositing in bank also has its advantages, such as getting a fixed revert on the money that is deposited through the interest rates, and has its negatives such as low interest rates. An investor wants a high interest rate on his deposits for the money that he deposited initially as compared to a low return through a low interest rate. Thus when the interest rates decrease, investors find investing in stock exchange more attractive than keeping their money as deposits in bank and earning very a very low return on the amount they deposited. However when interest rates increase potentiality investors would find depositing their money in banks more beneficial, and not invest in the KSE, thus creating fluctuations in the market equilibrium constantly. Moreover, to find out the value of future dividends, investors must discount them and find out their present value and what they are worth at this point in time. A high interest rate would make the future dividend values less valuable in todays Rupees and would decrease the value of the stock.Inflation RateInflation is one of the biggest threats to the economy, and is increasing steadily in Pakistan, being 9% in 2005, 7.9% in 2006 and reaching as high as 25% in 2008 after the increase in global gasoline prices. When inflation occurs individuals are more concerned with spending rather than saving, and thus would not use the money to invest in KSE. Net earnings of the company determine the price on the stock market. When it is speculated that the company will have high earnings then the stock prices of the company would increase. When it is estimated that the company is not going to perform up to par, then its stock prices fall. The prices of the stocks are directly proportional to the earnings of the company. Thus an increase in inflation will cause the revenue of the country to fall, and thus affect the stock prices negatively. A decrease in inflation would cause the opposite shift.Monetary policyThe monetary policy of a country is used to achieve the objectives of the government by adjusting the amount of money being circulated in the economy through OMOs, the discount rate, or through the reserve requirement. Unanticipated changes in the monetary policy increases the r isk premium on stocks for a certain period. This either increases the riskiness of stocks it reduces the willingness of investors to hold risky stocks, or both. When the monetary policy is tightened (the money supply is reduced in the economy) it causes investors to see stocks as being more risky and thus they demand a greater return on their investment for investing in the stock market, and eventually it drives down stock prices. A tight monetary policy reduces the financial buffers of an investor and increases the exposure of investors to future shocks in the market. The affect of monetary policy only affects the stock market to a certain extent.Foreign Direct InvestmentsStock market liberalization is when the countrys government decides to allow foreigners to purchase stocks on that countrys stock exchange. In Pakistan, the stock market was liberalized in February 1991, which attracted foreign investors, and foreign direct investment and indirect investment started which had a po sitive impact on the stock market as well as the Pakistani economy. When more investors entered, the risk premium on stocks fell, and because of the increase in the demand competition of the stock market, stock prices rose. As the foreign currency inflows increased, there was an increase in supply which caused the Pakistani rupee to appreciate. This increased the prices of the shares and modify the foreign exchange reserves. Stock liberalization reduces the cost of equity capital of the country because it divides the risk between domestic and foreign investors. There is no parapet on foreign ownership of stocks except in life insurance companies. The net portfolio investment starting July 2009 stood at $431.93 million in Pakistan. Moreover, the amount of oversea investment in the local stock market increased to 9% in 2009.Law and order and Natural disastersKarachi Stock Exchange is affected to a level by the law and order situation in the country, and the affect depends upon the s everity of the crises. Investors invest in KSE thus a huge factor of risk is present, when you see the current situation of Pakistan, especially Karachi, where there is huge chaos when we talk about Law and order.Bomb blasts in Pakistan have a very minimal amount or no amount of affect on KSE due to the reason that this is now a routine of Karachi and Pakistan. If we see last 5 bomb blasts, it does not have any affect on KSE.8However as we can see Natural disasters do have a huge affect on KSE. According to the report regarding the earthquake in 200 the trading was bearish. This is because companys were investing more on revamping the earthquake victims rather than growing, many employees of various companies had family members, or their own homes affected and destroyed in this disaster thus shortage of labor reduces the production of company. If the production of company is slow then it becomes silent for investor to buy shares of that company, and thus the trading on the stock ma rket declined. Moreover, the import of earthquake relief items such as tents and plastic sheets caused an increase in the trade deficit of Pakistan. All these factors made investors less willing to invest in the stock market.AppendixTable 1Table 2Table 3Date of the bomb blastKSE 100 IndexBeforeOn the dayAfter28th December 20099,422.23 unkindly (due to various holidays)9,507.955th February 20109,769.73Closed (due to public holiday)9,809.9830th April 201010,454.6310,428.1210,389.4610th June 20109,678.389,379.789,471.127th October 201010,029.3610,191.6810,260.48Table 4Table 5Table 6Table 7Table 8

Frequency modulation the amplitude

Frequency modulation the amplitudeINTRODUCTIONIn frequence modulation the amplitude is kept constant and the relative relative relative frequency is intoned by the amplitude of the modulating distinguish. The modulation index for fm is m = utmost frequency deviation/modulating frequency. FM signal can be equal as-v = ac take advantage(wct + m sin wmt )ABSTRACTFrequency modulation is a type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the modulating signal. The amplitude of the carrier remains constant.The breeding-bearing signal (the modulating signal) departs the instantaneous frequency of the carrier. Since the amplitude is kept constant, FM modulation is a low-noise process and provides a in high spirits quality modulation technique which is employ for music and speech in hi-fidelity disseminates.In addition to hi-fidelity tuner transmission, FM techniques argon used for other of the essence(p) consumer applications such as sound sy nthesis and recording the luminance portion of a video signal with less distortion.There are several devices that are capable of generating FM signals, such as a VCO or a reactance modulator.Frequency Modulation is abbreviated FM.DefinitionsAn important concept in the understanding of FM is that of frequency deviation. The amount of frequency deviation a signal experiences is a measure of the change in leaveter output frequency from the rest frequency of the transmitter. The rest frequency of a transmitter is defined as the output frequency with no modulating signal applied. For a transmitterwith linear modulation characteristics, the frequency deviation of the carrier is instanter proportional to the amplitude of the applied modulating signal.Mathematical Analysis of FMAs was done with AM, a mathematical analysis of a high-frequency sin wave, modulated by a single tone or frequency, will be used to yield information about the frequency components in an FM wave, FM major power relations, and the bandwidth of an FM signal. From the definition of frequency deviation, an equation can be written for the signal frequency of an FM wave as a function of timefsignal = fC + kf eM(t) = fC + kf EM sin?MtAnd substitution of d = kf EM yieldsfsignal = fC + d sin?MtBut what does this equation foreshadow? It seems to be saying that the frequency of the transmitter is varying with time. This brings up the alike(p) type of problem that was observed when we looked at a time display of AM and then performed a mathematical analysis in an attempt to determineits frequency content. With AM, the signal appeared to be a sine wave thats amplitude was ever-changing with time. At the time, it was pointed out that a sine wave, by definition, has a constant peak amplitude, and thus cannot have a peak amplitude that varies with time. What about the sine waves frequency? It also must be a constant and cannot be varying with time.As was the case with AM, where it turned out that our m odulated wave was very the vector sum of three sine waves, a similar situation is true for FM. An FM wave will consist of three or a lot frequency components vectorially added together to give the appearance of a sine wave thats frequency is varying with time when displayed in the time domain. A somewhat compound mathematical analysis will yield an equation for the instantaneous voltage of an FM wave of the form shown hereeFM(t) = EC sin(?Ct + mf sin?Mt)where EC is the rest-frequency peak amplitude, ?C and ?M represent the rest and modulating frequencies, and mf is the index of modulation. This equation represents a single low-frequency sine wave, fM, frequency modulating another high-frequency sine wave, fC. Note that thisequation indicates that the argument of the sine wave is itself a sine wave.The Index of ModulationThe index of modulation, mf, is apt(p) by the following relationshipA few more comments about the index of modulation, mf, are appropriate. As can be seen from the equation, mf is equal to the peak deviation caused when the signal is modulated by the frequency of the modulating signal therefore, mf is a function of both the modulating signal amplitude and frequency. Furthermore, mf can take on any(prenominal) value from 0 to infinity. Its rangeis not limited as it is for AM.FM Power RelationsRecall that for an FM wave the amplitude of the signal, and hence the power, remains constant. This means that the power in the individual frequency components of the wave must add up to the transmitter output power. Furthermore, if the modulation index changes, the total power must distri scarcee itself over the resulting frequency components. If there is no modulation, then mf = 0 and J0 = 1.0. Mathematically, this can be shown by the followingPrest freq = J0 power 2 PtransorPrest freq = Ptransfor mf = 0.0.To determine the power for any individual frequency component, wecan use the following relationPn = Jn2(mf) Ptrans 4.11Furthermore, the total s ignal power will be given byPtotal = (J0power2 + 2J1power2 + 2J2power2 + 2J3power2 + ) Ptrans.The Effect of Noise on FMRecall AM and the effect of noise on it. Random electrical variations added to the AM signal alter the original modulation of the signal. For FM, noise still adds to the signal, but because the information resides in frequency changes instead of amplitude changes, the noise tends to have less of an effect. Expanding upon this idea a bit, one notes that the random electricalvariations encountered by the FM signal will indeed cause distortion by jittering the frequency of the FM signal. However, the change in frequency modulation caused by the jittering usually turns out to be less than the change in the amplitude modulation caused by the same relativeamplitude noise variations on an AM signal. Also unlike AM, the effect of the frequency jittering becomes progressively worse as the modulating frequency increases. In other words, the effect of noise increases with mo dulation frequency. Pre-Emphasis and De-EmphasisTo compensate for this last effect, FM communication systems have incorporated a noise-combating system of pre-emphasis and de-emphasisFM Generation TechniquesFM signals can be generated using either direct or indirect frequency modulation.Direct FM modulation can be achieved by directly feeding the message into the input of a VCO.For indirect FM modulation, the message signal is integrated to generate a phase modulated signal. This is used to modulate a crystal controlled oscillator, and the result is passed through a frequency multiplier to give an FM signalDIRECT FM GENERATIONThe simplest method for generating FM directly is to vary the frequency of an oscillator. A capacitance microphone or a varactor diode may be used as part of the oscillators frequency determining network. The capacitor microphones capacitance varies in response to the intensity of the sound waves striking it, making the oscillators frequency vary as the amplit ude of the sound varies. The varactor diodes capacitance depends on the voltage across it. Audio signals placed across the diode cause its capacitance to change, which in turn, causes the frequency of the oscillator to vary.INDIRECT FM GENERATION plot it is not possible to vary the frequency of a crystal oscillator directly, it is possible to vary its phase. The resulting PM signal can be used to create FM. This is the radical of the Armstrong modulator.The mathematics required to analyze the Armstrong modulator completely are complex, so we will discuss save the basic circuit operation. An audio signal is passed through a preemphasis network and then an integrator, a special network whose output is the time integral of the input signal.. In this way an FM signal is generated.The Armstrong modulator cannot produce much deviation, so combination of multipliers and mixers are used to raise the carrier frequency and the deviation. The multipliers are used to multiply the carrier and the deviation. The mixers are used to decrease the carrier, date keeping the deviation constant so that additional multiplier stages can be used to obtain more deviation.FM Perfor military manceFM SpectrumA spectrum represents the relative amounts of different frequency components in any signal. Its like the display on the graphic-equalizer in your stereo which has leds showing the relative amounts of bass, midrange and treble. These correspond directly to increase frequencies (treble being the high frequency components). It is a well-know item of mathematics, that any function (signal) can be decomposed into purely sinusoidal components (with a few pathological exceptions) . In technical terms, the sines and cosines form a complete set of functions, also known as a basis in the infinite-dimensional vector space of real-valued functions (gag reflex). Given that any signal can be thought to be made up of sinusoidal signals, the spectrum then represents the recipe card of how to mak e the signal from sinusoids. Like 1 part of 50 Hz and 2 parts of 200 Hz. Pure sinusoids have the simplest spectrum of all, just one componentIn this example, the carrier has 8 Hz and so the spectrum has a single component with value 1.0 at 8 Hz . The FM spectrum is considerably more complicated. The spectrum of a simple FM signal looks likeThe carrier is now 65 Hz, the modulating signal is a pure 5 Hz tone, and the modulation index is 2. What we see are multiple side-bands (spikes at other than the carrier frequency) separated by the modulating frequency, 5 Hz.There are roughly 3 side-bands on either side of the carrier. The shape of the spectrum may be explained using a simple heterodyne argument when you mix the three frequencies (fc, fm and Df) together you get the sum and difference frequencies.The largest combination is fc + fm + Df, and the smallest is fc fm Df. Since Df = b fm, the frequency varies (b + 1) fm above and below the carrier. A more realistic example is to use a n audio spectrum to provide the modulationIn this example, the information signal varies amongst 1 and 11 Hz. The carrier is at 65 Hz and the modulation index is 2. The individual side-band spikes are replaced by a more-or-less invariable spectrum. However, the extent of the side-bands is limited (approximately) to (b + 1) fm above and below. Here, that would be 33 Hz above and below, making the bandwidth about 66 Hz. We see the side-bands extend from 35 to 90 Hz, so out observed bandwidth is 65 Hz.You may have wondered why we ignored the smooth humps at the extreme ends of the spectrum. The truth is that they are in fact a by-product of frequency modulation (there is no random noise in this example). However, they may be safely ignored because they are have only a minute fraction of the total power. In practice, the random noise would obscure them anyway.Frequency ResponseFrequency response is a specification used in amplifiers, pre-amplifiers, CD players, tape decks and other au dio components to measure how uniformly it reproduces sounds from the lowest tones to the highest. An amplifier or other component should preserve the loudness relationship between various instruments and voices and should not over or under-emphasize any frequency or tone. This is known as flat frequency response.BandwidthAs we have already shown, the bandwidth of a FM signal may be predicted usingBW = 2 (b + 1 ) fmwhere b is the modulation index and fm is the maximum modulating frequency used.FM radio has a significantly larger bandwidth than AM radio, but the FM radio band is also larger. The combination keeps the number of available take about the same.The bandwidth of an FM signal has a more complicated dependency than in the AM case (recall, the bandwidth of AM signals depend only on the maximum modulation frequency). In FM, both the modulation index and the modulating frequency affect the bandwidth. As the information is made stronger, the bandwidth also grows.Applications of frequency modulationBroadcastingFM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music and speech . Normal (analog) TV sound is also broadcast using FM. A narrow band form is used for voice communications in commercial and amateur radio settings. The type of FM used in broadcast is generally called wide-FM, or W-FM. In two-way radio, narrowband narrow-fm (N-FM) is used to conserve bandwidth. In addition, it is used to send signals into space.SoundFM is also used at audio frequencies to synthesize sound. This technique, known as FM synthesis, was popularized by early digital synthesizers and became a standard feature for several generations of personal computer sound cards. radio setAn example of frequency modulation. This diagram shows the modulating, or message, signal, xm(t), superimposed on the carrier wave, xc(t)The modulated signal, y(t), produced from frequency-modulating xc(t) with xm(t).A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a Sy stem of Frequency Modulation called radio FM.As , wideband FM (W-FM) requires a wider signal bandwidth than amplitude modulation by an equivalent modulating signal, but this also makes the signal more robust against noise and interference. Frequency modulation is also more robust against simple signal amplitude fading phenomena. As a result, FM was chosen as the modulation standard for high frequency, high fidelity radio transmission hence the term FM radio (although for many years the BBC called it VHF radio, because commercial FM broadcasting uses a well-known part of the VHF band in certain countries, expressions referencing the more known wavelength notion are still used in place of the more abstract modulation technique name).A high-efficiency radio-frequency switching amplifier can be used to transmit FM signals (and other constant-amplitude signals). For a given signal strength (measured at the receiver antenna), switching amplifiers use less battery power and typically fol low less than a linear amplifier. This gives FM another advantage over other modulation schemes that require linear amplifiers, such as AM and QAM.REFRENCEShttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulationhttp//www.tech-faq.com/frequency-modulation.shtmlhttp//www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/FM.htmhttp//www.answers.com/topic/frequency-modulation

Portrayal Of Modern Women Media Essay

Portrayal Of Modern Wo manpower Media EssayIntroductionWo men may often be at a loss as to their real role in society is. A working mother may play dual roles which atomic number 18 conflicting, that of being a nurturing home-maker to her family, ensuring that the husband and children are well-taken care of while the ho usage is kept spic and span and running smoothly. At the same time, she is a career charwoman who is pass judgment to be driven, ambitious, hard-worker and committed to the success of the company she works for. On top of that, women are likewise expected to matter their best to the outside world and be alluring shakeual beings in the bedroom.Because of the many roles women play, they often seek advise from versatile sources. One source that they may become unvaryingly reliable are womens magazine publishers because these project articles set in the modern times, and assumed to promote modern values. At a time when allegeation is so much easier to acquire from various media sources including television, radio and the internet, concrete reading materials are still conveniently available and preferred by many readers (Stevens, Maclaran Catteral, 2007).It would be interesting to explore how modern magazines depict women and what priorities they should stomach in life. Although modern womens magazines such as Glamour and Cosmopolitan claim to empower modern women to be more assertive and independent in achieving gender equality, the heart sent out from their content ( speech pattern on the importance of womens beauty and their success in relationships) seem to endorse traditional femininity ideologies, which rig women in a role subservient to men in a patriarchal society. Since magazines may have a great influence on how women think, it is of import to understand the subliminal and overt messages such media format feeds them.The research question that entrust be explored in this paper isHow are women portrayed in contemporary wo mens magazines and what messages are conveyed to them?The signifi trickce of finding answers to this question will get out enlightenment on how society views women, how women view themselves and how such views guide their value formation, attitude and behaviors. a priori FrameworkThis paper is guided by the knowledgeable Script surmise by Gagnon Simon (1973) and the Objectification Theory by Frederickson Roberts (1997). Scripting theory is premised on the concept that individuals have inbred understandings that get into across their choices and qualitative experiences. Sexual Script Theory, specifically focus on the subjective understanding of a person about his or her internality that determine his or her sexual actions and experiences related to sex. Scripts are cognitive devices used to guide people in their behaviors. Sometimes, such behaviors are self-fulfilling prophecies to support the records upheld by the person. For example, if ones sexual script is to be desira ble in order to be liked as a person, then that individual will exert all efforts to look kind and behave in a seductive manner. Similarly, and to more specifically illustrate the Sexual Scripting theory, the Objectification theory explains how females internalize an ob advertrs view to be the primary view of her material self. This means that if a woman gets accustomed to being seen as an object of impulse, she becomes socialized to treat herself as such and behaves accordingly (Frederickson Roberts, 1997). Vulnerable to judgment of society, women watchfully monitor themselves with the knowledge that being positively viewed by others means more opportunities. Studies have sh avow that how a womans body appears to others can determine her life experiences. Physical attractor seem to matter more to females than to males. Women deemed unattractive by their co workers are described more negatively and given less regard than comparatively unattractive men (Bar-Tar Saxe, 1976 Cas h, Gillen Burns, 1977 Wallston OLeary, 1981). Physical attractiveness is more highly correlated with popularity, dating experience and marriage opportunities for women than for men (Berscheid, Dion, Walster Walster, 1971 Margolin White, 1987)With regards to the research question at hand, Sexual Scripting Theory and Objectification Theory are appropriate to analyze how magazines portray women because it is assumed that the advertisements and articles of contemporary womens magazines seem to influence women with the idea that they need to use their sexual attractiveness to recruit their state.Literature ReviewWomens magazines enjoy a astray readership for various reasons. out from escapism (Geraghty, 1997, 1998) from the daily grind, readers may be hooked on them as they provide temporary solutions to social and personal conflicts (McMahon, 1990). Women find an array of interesting topics in womens magazines. Stevens, Maclaran Catrall (2007) compare different kinds of womens m agazines and find that in general, there are magazines that primarily allow for fashion and fitness advice (e.g. Vogue, InStyle, Self, Shape) magazines geared toward an older adult female audience (Womans World, womans Day, Good Housekeeping) teen-focused contemporary womens magazines (Seventeen, Teen, YM) and adult-focused contemporary womens magazines (Cosmopolitan, Glamour, Marie Claire, Cleo). In terms of content, contemporary womens magazines are know to uphold traditional femininity ideologies perpetuating ones looks as the measure to judge a womans worth. These magazines likewise encourage women to subordinate their own interests so they can preserve their relationships with others (Ferguson, 1983 McCracken, 1993 McRobbie, 2000 Peirce, 1993 praise Whelehan, 1995). Duffy Gotcher (1996) also found that 78% of magazine covers highlighted body appearance and over 60% advertised diets, exercise or cosmetic surgery. Aside from these topics, magazines also turn to issues about establishing and maintaining heterosexual dating relationships and close tohow put across the message to young women that it should be a priority in their lives, overshadowing their education, careers or participation in social and community service, athletics or politics (Duffy Gotcher, 1996 Evans et al, 1991). More liberated magazines offer explicit sexual advice to women to keep their men happy.Over the past troika decades, contemporary womens magazines have significantly increased their sexual content, offering frank advice about sex and relationships (Kim Ward, 2004). The message it sends across is prizing sexually assertive women. Thus, it gives the readers instructions on aggressive ways to attract men and to be able to fulfill their own sexual desires (Durham, 1996). However, Menard Kleinplatz (2008) comment that in the magazines, although there is a strong emphasis for female readers to be sexually active and be in the service of men (Durham, 1996), they are cautioned non to be too overtly sexual. They are boost to dress and interact with men in a way that promotes sexual desirability precisely are discouraged from showing desire themselves (Durham 1996, 1998 Garner et al. 1998). These magazines, then, can be seen as part of a cultural apparatus that purports to assist women to be heterosexually attractive, to be coy, alluring, sexy, and flirtatious, in order to find true love and to beguile a man, and then to maintain his interest (Overall, 1999, p. 298). On the other hand, mens sexuality is promoted to be aggressive, animalistic, insatiable, urgent and uncontrollable (Firminger 2006 Garner et al. 1998 Ward 2003).Cosmopolitan magazine is cognise for being racy, intended for the fun, fearless female (Streitmatter, 2004). Sexual agency and desire is highly promoted to young women. Likewise, the stereotypical male sexual role is described as being primarily sexual and out of control. In Cosmopolitan, much of womens sexual agency and aggressive ness happens within the context of a relationship (Durham, 1996). Walsh-Childers et al. (2002) commented that in some adult-focused magazines, sex is presented as a fun, casual and risk-free activity. A noticeable lack of emphasis on sexual health, contraceptives and STD prevention is observed (Kim Ward, 2004).The promotion of sex as something to keep a man interested in a woman and make him stay in the relationship has been observed as a prevailing theme of some womens magazines. Farvid Braun (2006) be intimate that the ability of a woman to perform great sex not only fulfills her mans sexual take but also her own relational needs as well. Since a man is portrayed to extremity great sex and encounter it with a woman who enjoys it as much, then it would leave a lasting impression that makes the man crave for the woman more. The message conveyed from this, though, is that a memorable sexual performance of a woman is depicted as more important than her personality in terms of kee ping a man interested. Farvid Braun (2006) note another message that may be taken from magazine articles about sex. While men can enjoy sex anytime they want, women need to exert more effort in pleasing them as a way of besting other women that their men have had sex with before, or with potential sex partners. This implies that sex is used as a deterrent against infidelity. Indirectly, it also says that since men have strong sexual drives, that they are potential cheaters (Farvid Braun, 2006). That is why women should gain expertise in the sexual pleasing of their men so that they will not find a need to stray. On the other hand, women are not characterized as having strong sex drives and if they cheat, it is pictured in more severe ways, within more elaborate and negative scenarios. Womens infidelity is more condemnable and less forgivable than mens infidelity. Blame is assigned to the woman and is not likely caused by sexual or relational shortcomings of the partner she cheated . Another gender difference in infidelity is that women are seen as victims of their male partners cheating, but men are seen as seekers of revenge for being cheated on by a female partner (Farvid Braun, 2006). Cheating is still considered always wrong patronage the seemingly loose morals propagated in the magazines and monogamous heterosexual relationships are promoted as central to the identity and well-being of women (Farvid Braun, 2006).Ideologies conveyed by contemporary womens magazines are considered manipulative in the sense that the messages projected regarding the nature of femininity points to legitimizing and naturalizing patriarchal domination (Gough-Yates, 2003). Being limited in scope, primarily about beauty, fashion and advise on getting a man, it communicates to its readers the idea that a man is the main route to a womans happiness and that if women are good enough, the right man will come along and sweep them off their feet-ideally into wedded bliss (Gauntlett, 2002, p. 190). When women are regularly bombarded with this idea, eventually, they adopt such political orientation in their lives even without consciously considering the implications such as finding their own fulfillment in their own strengths as women are not regarded as priorities in these magazines. They would develop tendencies to search for and depend on men as their source of happiness and fulfillment.Another perspective is that womens magazines distribute a cult of femininity (Ferguson, 1983, p. 5), advocating ways to be more feminine and promoting a especial(a) ideology catering to patriarchal norms. McCracken (1993) commented that women discover that their inadequacies are sustained by the fear of lacking beauty, fashion sense and self-confidence when they read glossy womens magazines.Womens bodies have been used to sell several advertised products. Walsh-Childers (1996) observed that photos of women in advertise usually focused the readers eye on womens body parts suc h as the breasts. Soley and Kurzbad (1986) also observed that more and more sexual content became manifest since the mid-1980s as female nudity and erotic content became commonplace in contemporary U.S. advertising. Ms. time create advertisements that increasingly portrayed women as sex objects in its send-off 15 years of publication. After it no longer ran such ads, Ms. Magazine upheld a position that explicitly embraced feminist orientation and spurned advertisements which were insulting to women. Ms. magazine established itself as an institutional prototype for the appropriate conduct of advertising to women (Ferguson et al., 1990, p. 41). Still, with this supposed precedent of championing for women in advertising, there persist ads depicting women as sex objects (Krassas, Blaukamp Wesselink, 2001).Krassas, Blaukamp Wesselink (2001) conclude that womens magazines communicate a paradoxical perspective of female sexuality in that women are encouraged to shed their traditional roles and become more independent while they are pressured to find and sexually satisfy a man. Womens bodies are considered commodities and their independence allows them to use such commodities to their advantage and to maximize their market value (Goldman, Heath Smith, 1991). Krassas, Blaukamp Wesselink (2001) also note that Cosmopolitan magazine may be the early to recognize women as sexual, at the same time, they are primarily sexual objects whose desire is carry through by allowing themselves to be treated as commodities that are sexually available to men and designed to attract men.MethodsThe choice of studying Cosmopolitan magazine was determined by it being the top-selling womens magazine in the world (Worlds Longest-running and or so Popular Periodicals, 2009). Having 58 international editions and translated into 34 languages, the magazine is distributed in more than a hundred countries. With this position comes the power to r from each one such a wide readership.Data G atheringThe researcher will be reading and taking notes from 3 issues of Cosmopolitan Magazine, specifically the June, July and August 2010 issues which are the ones available to the researcher. Researcher will note down the titles as well as the content of each article as well as the advertisements promoted by the magazine.White and Marsh (2006) contend that a good coding scheme has categories or levels that are exhaustive, that is, all relevant aspects of the construct are represented (p. 32). For this study, categories or themes of articles in the magazines will serve as codes such as articles with sexual content, relationships or body issues. To determine the amount of the content per family or theme in each magazine issue, the percentage of content will be computed by counting all the titles (for cover page) and articles (including sidebars) written for the issue and getting the percentage of the content listed in each category against the total content of each issue for both cover page and inside articles.Analysis DiscussionAccording to White Marsh (2006), later on coding, data should be summarized so that they could be understood easily and are applicable to the hypotheses or research questions. Then, the researcher relates the data to other situations or studies so findings are put into perspective. In this case, the data shall be related to information in the review of literature that is most relevant to it.ResultsThe dominance of the category of sexual content in the cover pages of the magazines obviously used sex as a selling point. These titles were made to catch the attention of potential buyers who include women in need of advise to boost their sex lives as well as men who may be curious as to what the articles reveal. Titles such as 75 Sex Tips From Guys Sizzling, Sinful and Surprising Things Theyre Craving Now (June 2010 issue) 99 New Sex Facts E genuinely Forbidden, Fascinating Detail You Want To Know.. and only Cosmo will enounce you (Ju ly 2010 issue) and Naughty, Naughty Sex Poll Its Official We Got 2,000 Men to Reveal, Do this not That in bed (August 2010) practically scream for attention as it is given the boldest print. Also, linguistic communication such as Sex, Sexy and Hot jump out of the page as they are highlighted in the cover that eyes will automatically be drawn to the bright and bold titles. Other categories of content fought for attention with catchy titles such as Look So Sexy (June 2010), The Sexy Secrets to Making yearn Decisions (July 2010) and Together Forever? How to Still Flirt With Him (August 2010). Even with these titles, a hint of sex is still present.The thick issues of the magazine are filled with crisp, glossy pages, well-off with various content. However, the volume of sexual content promised in the inside pages may disappoint readers, as the percentages do not hold in the articles printed within the issues. The articles stagger into more than one page, so in terms of quality, the a nticipated richness of sexual content was justified. The articles were graphic in language and mostly instructional such as giving actual directions on how to achieve better orgasms or identifying highly sensitive body spots that provide the most pleasure. It would not be difficult to imagine what the authors were referring to because the articles were replete with real-life examples. Readers would learn that the recommended sexual techniques would be very pleasurable, and may want to try it out themselves. Mostly, the articles taught readers how to please men in bed. This is consistent with the contentions of Farvid Braun that women should learn to be great in bed in order to keep their men fulfilled and content with just having them.The content category on Fashion and Beauty dominated the inside pages of the magazines. It showcased the latest trends and products, as worn and used by popular celebrities. Clearly, the magazine has become a marketing tool for the fashion and beauty products, luring women readers to buy them for themselves so they will also be considered hot, cool, trendy or hip supposedly descriptions of women who are fashionable and sophisticated. Aside from being viewed as a marketing tool, the magazines emphasis on women being fashionable and beautiful sells an ideology that that is how women should be in order to feel fulfilled as a person and to be able to attract men. The advertisers of the magazine prey on womens insecurities and their intense need to be accepted, admired and loved. Using very attractive models does not only create more insecurity about readers looks but also a more passionate desire to achieve the models look by purchasing the cosmetics she used to look that attractive.Discussion and ConclusionThe theories and scholarly observations in the literature review seem to be consistent with what is actually published in womens magazines. Sexual scripting of women being objects of desire as well as sex objects playing the st ereotype of existing for the pleasure of men reverberate in the magazines even if these took pride in empowering women to be fun, fearless females. However, it admits that women have sexual needs themselves that they should not be ashamed to fulfill.The Objectification theory is validated by the advertisements and articles of women wanting to look good for their men so that they will not be replaced by younger, sexier and more beautiful women. The 3 magazine issues reviewed do not entirely reflect Durhams (1996, 1998) and Garner et al.s (1998) comment that women are encouraged to dress and interact with men that promotes their sexual desirability but are discouraged from showing desire themselves. Women being overtly sexual towards men is actually supported in the issues studied. This is because the authors have done thorough research on what men really want in sex, and one finding is that they are aroused by women making sexual advances towards them. The articles in the magazine merely report what men want to inform women on what to do to please them. It is apparent that male ego is supposed to be massaged and nurtured by women, living in a patriarchal society. Both Sexual scripting and Objectification theories are thus proven in this case.The portrayal of women in the magazines (article pictures and advertisements) reflects women as eye-candy or a prize to be won by the most deserve man. The photographs show mostly Caucasian women gazing into the camera, and giving the image that they are communicating with the readers with their eyes or smile to buy whatever product, idea or ideology they are selling. The use of very attractive models instills in readers an ideal of beauty to emulate. Such beauty is enhanced by cosmetics and fashionable clothes and shoes.Although known for book binding much ground on sex, it was initially surprising that the percentage of titles of sex-related articles was not as high as expected. However, upon further scrutiny, the arti cles were replete with detail and length. The magazine was also found by this study to cover topics about men, relationships and self-improvement. Readers who may be constrained in seeking information about these topics elsewhere may find comfort in the fact that Cosmopolitan provides honest advise in the viewpoint of experts of the topics. For instance, many topics on men were discussed by men themselvesCosmopolitan has its own formula for success. Being known for a magazine that unashamedly promotes sex for unmarried women, it titillates the curiosity of most women, even those who pride themselves of upholding the strictest of morals. Cosmopolitan cover pages use the most popular and attractive woman whom the world adores for the moment. Add to this celebrity cover girl, catchy titles of articles, mostly racy and intriguing, and the magazine sells well. Being sold is the first step in spreading the ideologies constructed in the magazine and conveying it to its readers. Being the b est-selling womens magazine in the world, it is presumed that Cosmopolitan magazine has already been successful in imbedding to its millions of readers the ideologies it wants to convey.

Teens Shouldnt Diet Essay -- essays research papers

Why Teens Shouldnt DietDieting flush toilet be defined as restricting calories or food groups (Deal with Diets kidshealth.org). With the enumerate of obese people growing, its no wonder that people are starting to food, and in 1988, Americans spent 32 billion dollars on diets and diet products (Baird Womens Health Fact Sheet). A problem arises when teens start restricting their food, because fast can be very harmful to a teenagers still-developing body. It can too be harmful to the teens psychological health as well. 80% of teen girls are unhappy with their bodies and weight (Community Action 27% of Teens in Peril from Dieting), and 50% of teen girls incorrectly believe that they are overweight, increasing the wantlihood that they will diet (Strauss 741). Dieting comes with its own host of problems which is wherefore teens should definitely not diet because it can cause obesity, eating disorders, and nutrient deficiencies.Some people whitethorn be surprised by the fact that diet can actually cause obesity later. It seems like a paradox, but it really isnt. When someone else controls the way you eat, its very natural to rebel. Also, when someone diets, it slows graduate their metabolism, and when a person starts eating like they used to, the metabolism doesnt have any time to adjust to that, and on that point is a weight gain. Plus, dieting lowers a persons blood sugar, which can trigger depression, then trigger binge eating, which leads to weight gain (Drohan 30-32). This may all seem like theory, but there have been two recent studies to explore it further. Harvard Medical School put together a study, examen this theory, and the results were surprising. What they found after testing 8,203 girls and 6,769 boys was that the adolescents who dieted frequently actually gained more weight each year than other children. Both the males and females suffered from the boomerang effect of dieting, and gained, on average, two pounds more than the non-dieters. T hey then contumacious that the weight gain was due to the fact that when teens diet, they are restricting themselves. When a person cuts down on calories, it becomes very hard for them to control the cravings, desires, and the hunger. When they can no longer control themselves, ... ...bspOverall, dieting can be very dangerous. It can lead to obesity, cause eating disorders, or be the source of nutrient deficiencies. Teens diet for a variety of reasons, but they really shouldnt, because it really can be detrimental to their health. What teens need to realize now is that if they practice unhealthy eating now, they are setting themselves up for physical and mental problems late in life, which wont help themselves or their loved ones. A teen needs to also identify the reasons why they are thinking of dieting anyway. Yes, it might be because they are obese, but many people incorrectly believe that they are overweight, and there are causes of that, which need to be addressed. Teens diet because they are on a quest for the perfect body, but they need to realize is that their perfect body may not match the body they see on the television or in magazines. Any teen who starves herself to become thin is only setting herself up for disaster. Teens just need to try to accept themselves for who they are, and then everyone else will accept them also. They need to realize that its not worth their health to go on a quest for the perfect body that has been airbrushed anyway.

Violence On The Tube :: essays research papers

Violence on the TubeOne Saturday morning many old age ago, I was watching an episode of the Roadrunner on television. As Wile E. Coyote was pushed off of a cliff by theRoadrunner for the fourth or twenty percent time, I started laughing uncontrollably. Ithen watched a Bugs Bunny show and started laughing whenever I saw Elmer Fuddshoot Daffy Duck and his bill went twirling around his head. The next day, Ipushed my brother off of a cliff and shot my dog to see if its head would twirlaround.Obviously, that last sentence is not true. Some people call back thatviolence on the tube is one of the main factors that leads to real-life violence,but in my opinion, television is just a minor factor that leads to real-lifeviolence and that it is the parents responsibility to memorize kids the difference.According to Rathus in Psychology in the New Millennium, observationallearning may account for most human learning (239). Observational learningextends to law-abiding parents and peers, clas sroom learning, reading books, andlearning from media such as television and films. Nearly all of us have beenexposed to television, videotapes, and films in the classroom. Children in day-care centers frequently watch Sesame Street. There are filmed and videotapedversions of great works of literature such as Orson Welles Macbeth. Nearlyevery school shows films of laboratory experiments. provided what of our viewing outside of the classroom? Television is alsoone of our major sources of informal observational learning. According to Sweetand Singh, viewing habits range from the child who watches no television at allto the child who is in front of the television nearly all waking hours. Theysay that on average, children aged 2 to 11 watch about 23 hours of televisionper week, and teenagers watch about 22 hours per week (2). According to thesefigures, children spend less time in the classroom than they do watchingtelevision. During these hours ofviewing, children are constantly being shown acts of violence.Why? Simple violence sells.People are drawn to violence in films, television dramas, books,professional battle and boxing, and reports of crime and warfare. Doesviolence do more than sell, however? Do media portrayals of violence begetviolence in the streets and in the home?It seems clear enough that there are connections between violence in themedia and real violence. In the 1990s, for example, audiences at films aboutviolent urban youth such as Colors, Boyz N the Hood, and succus have gotten intofights, shot one another, and gone on rampages after the showings.