Film Analysis Troy (2004) | Historical Accuracy of Troy

Film Analysis Troy (2004) | Historical Accuracy of Troy As generations continue to revolutionize, various new prospects lie ahead for the many inhabitants of earth, no matter what corner they live in. At a time when technology is changing so rapidly, the histories, traditions and cultures of the past are sometimes forgotten, if not lost altogether. To counter this, Hollywood directors and producers alike create fantastical films that bring to life the many stories and legends that are carried down through generations, but have a chance of being lost forever. One of the stories that was written down rather than told was Homers epic poem, the Illiad which was basically the legend of the Trojan War. The story which is thought to be based on history was turned into a film in 2004 by director Wolfgang Petersen. The films plot is based on the King of Mycenae, Agamemnon, who has forced the kingdoms of Greece into a loose alliance after decades of war. Menelaus, the King of Sparta and Agamemnons brother, strives to make peace with Troy, who is th e most powerful rival to the emerging nation but when the Trojan prince, Paris, steals away Menelauss wife, Helen, Agamemnon strives to get her back for his brother and in the meantime, using the event as an opportunity to fight Troy and bring it down, so that Sparta could be the strongest Greek nation. Although an ingenious plot, based on the Greek epic poem, many things can be questioned, as it is unknown if the epic poem was even based on history itself. A film that is historically inaccurate gives no benefit to its viewers as the story can be so twisted and changed that it is no longer, a tale of history, tradition or culture. When examined meticulously, it is clearly evident however, that the film Troy, is historically accurate as it is based on true facts from the ancient Greek life. The military, portrayed through fighting formations, weapons, and naval warfare, the culture of the Greeks portrayed through burial customs, belief in gods and architecture as well as class struct ure, portrayed through the roles of women, the respect to the king, and the respect to the Myrmidons, Achilles fighting group, are all pieces of evidence that lead to the verdict that the film Troy is historically accurate. The military and its different parts that it is made up of are essential to any nation, particularly one which is emerging to be the most powerful. The military not only protects the nation from invaders but also helps in the conquering of new territories to expand the nation so that it can grow. Expansion and conquering enemies all bring up a nations status, which is why the Greeks fought with each other to gain power and respect from others. Part of the militaries practices which were essential to its existence were fighting formations. The fighting formations of the Greeks were tightly formed and organized so that the enemy could not penetrate. The battle line a carefully built wall, the warriors standing with shield touching shield in a solid line. This is likely to have been the position before a battle, with armies drawn up in opposing lines and meeting in this simple formation. The battle probably broke up into a mà ªlà ©e, only after one side had given way, followed by indi vidual duels and single combat.  [1]  It is evident that the fighting formations were strongly structured so that the army appeared not only more powerful and mighty, but more organized and therefore more likely to intimidate the enemy. Once the formations were broken, the warriors fought individually, trying to kill as many of the opponents as possible. This sort of fighting in formation was also portrayed in the film Troy where Hectors army gathered outside of the Trojan walls standing side by side, with their large rectangular shields touching each other for protection. Once battle was initiated however, the men separated and fought individually. This event in the movie was clearly an accurate portrayal of fighting formations in Greece during 1250 B.C.E and thus starts to prove that the film Troy is historically accurate. Another division of the military, one of the most important in fact, is the weapons. Without weapons, battle would be very hard to win because warriors would need to be clever and exceptionally strong so that they could overtake their enemy with their bare hands. Luckily, the Greeks had very developed weapons, which proved to be useful against opponents. Weapons like spears and swords were used extensively in the Greek military, although spears were the first weapon of choice. Swords always seem to have taken second place after spears.  [2]  This is also portrayed in the movie Troy as when Hector faces Achilles in one on one combat, they use their spears first and then their swords. Spears in the film were constructed in such a manner that they looked like they were supposed to. Throwing spears (javelins) were usual, but some were obviously thrusting spears, such as Hectors, which was supposed to be 11 cubits long. Spear shafts were made of ash wood.  [3]  Although it is impo ssible to tell the exact length of the thrusting spears used in the film, they were pretty long, visually looking to be about 5 metres, which is approximately the length of 11 cubits. The rod of the spears were all made out of wood, although again, it is impossible to tell whether or not it was particularly out of ash wood, however it was definitely made out of wood. Therefore it is obvious that the film Troy sticks to history because of the materials and props they used on set to film the production, the same materials and objects which were used over three thousand years ago. The last division in the military which was of high importance to the Greeks, was naval or the sea category. Without naval ships, armies could not have gotten around and travelled to other areas to expand their territories or challenge their enemy as a consequence for a wrongdoing. The Greeks used many different types of warships, although the ones that were most common during the Trojan War and which were described in Homers epic poem Illiad were Pentekonters. Two types of ships are mentioned by Homer: light, fast ships powered by 20 oars, and heavier warships powered by 50 oars. These 50-oared galleys had one level only. They appear to have been built mainly from pine wood, with oars of polished spruce. while the bow terminated in a nearly vertical prow with a metal sheathed ram at the waterline. Pentekonters had a mast with a square sail that was taken down before going into battle  [4]  In the movie Troy the ships used also had one level of oarsmen and about 50 men rowing wit h oars. The front of the ship had an almost vertical prow that was slightly curved to the shape of the ship that helped stop the ship when it reached the shores. The ships used in the film also had square shaped white masts that were lowered when the ship reached the shore. Evidently, the portrayal of the military in the film, whether naval or on land, was historically accurate because the things depicted were truthful to history and actual Greek objects and occurrences. The culture of any nation, whether emerging or already established plays an important role in the everyday lives of citizens. Culture is a development in inhabited area that shows how prosperous the place is, because the main focus is no longer on just mere survival, as there are things to do. Religion, architecture, art, beauty, sports are just some of the aspects of culture that show how rich a nation is, because the people can have an average income, but if they are culturally satisfied, they will be happier than those who have no culture. Culture played an important role in the lives of the Greeks and they had advanced burial customs, religion and architecture, which made their nation a better place to live. Burial customs are one aspect of culture that was sophisticated and there was always a belief in the afterlife in the Greek culture, no matter what religion. Inhumation was most common in Mycenaean times, but by c. 1200 BC cremation became the main method of burial and was un iversal  [5]  Evidently, by the time of the Trojan War, cremation was used most often and this is depicted in the film as well because everyone who dies in the film, whether it was Patroclus, Hector or any other warrior; they were all collected and burned. In cremation, bodies were burned on a pyre soldiers killed in warfare were only rarely buried on the battlefield. Very often they were cremated on the battle site and their ashes taken home.  [6]  It is obvious that soldiers were generally not buried at the site of the battle in which they fought, rather just cremated and the ashes were gathered and taken home. This was the case in the film Troy when many soldiers died; chariots collected the bodies and carried them just outside of the battle field where there was a huge fire where other soldiers would cremate the bodies. Again it is clearly portrayed that the film Troy was historically accurate because it followed the burial customs that the ancient Greeks practiced thems elves. Religion was another important aspect of the ancient Greeks life and they all worshipped some gods. To some Greeks, certain gods were unimportant, but others were considered almighty to them. To the Trojans, the God Apollo was of high importance. A god worshipped throughout the Greek world, and the embodiment of moral excellence He was the god of prophecy, healing, archery. He was also a god of light (sometimes being identified with the Sun and with the god Helios).  [7]  In the film Troy the main worship was to Apollo and this is portrayed through frequent reference to Apollo, when King Priam or his men were prophesising. Everything centered on Apollo, who Priam prayed to nightly and to whom he assumed the wooden Trojan horse by the Greeks was built. The precious temple of Troys patron god Apollo (complete with 5 foot high solid gold statue of Apollo) is located outside the city, down the beach.  [8]  This was the case in the film because the Trojans created a temple just ou tside the city and in front of it was a massive gold statue of Apollo. Clearly, the historical accuracy of the film Troy is yet again proved as it supports the facts from ancient Greek religion. Another form of culture is the art through mainly architecture that is apparent in any nation that is on the rise to being one of the best. Architecture shows how culturally rich a society is because again the main focus is no longer survival, but other things as well, which show how prosperous a nation may be. Troy had a massive wall that protected the city on the inside and that was their main form of architecture. The walls of fortifications are an average of 16.5 ft thick and are built of massive stones weighing up to 10 tons.  [9]  Evidently the fortifications at Troy were extremely large which is why no one could penetrate them until the Greeks created the Trojan horse. This is also portrayed in the movie Troy when the Greeks attack but cannot penetrate the walls until they sneak in through the horse. The walls used in the film are visibly made out of stone and very large, although it is impossible to tell the exact measurements of the fortification. Overall, the portrayal of culture in the film Troy is historically accurate because the burial customs, religion and architecture portrayed in the film is the same as that of the ancient Greek world. The class structure of the ancient Greek world was much different than ours today, although some things are similar to todays world. Historical accuracy in the class structure system is key to a successful depiction of the ancient Greek world in film. The respect given to women, to the king, and to Achilles elite warrior group, the Myrmidons, all are historically accurate because it is very similar to the respect given in the ancient Greek world. The respect given to women in the ancient Greek time period was small but there were enjoyable parts to it. Female characters of the upper class led a relatively independent life. Although women were technically of citizen status, they had no rights of citizenship. Women had no political rights and could take no part whatsoever in government.  [10]  Evidently women had small respect but those of the upper class were fairly independent, being allowed to do more than the poorer women, although none of them could participate in politics. Th is is also portrayed in the film Troy. The women of the palace who were princesses or so took no part in the politics of the palace where all the men assembled, led by the king and his princes to plan out things for Troy. Although women had no role in politics and government, they played an important role in religion. Within religion women did play an important role, such as a dominant role at funerals, weddings. There were many priestesses.  [11]  This is also portrayed within the film Troy as when Briseis, the cousin of Hector and Paris, decided to become Apollos servant she was commended and it was said that Apollo is going to have a wonderful servant. Although women had this advantage, they were considered weak and a reference to this is made in the movie when it is said that peace is for women and weak by Agamemnon. Evidently using that metaphor, women were considered fragile and therefore peace went straight along with women since peace did not show off nations might or po wer. Evidently, the film Troy is historically accurate because it correctly portrays the respect given to women in the ancient Greek class system. In the ancient Greek world, there was always a lot of respect given to the king of the nation, whether he deserved it or not. Kings were very respected officials and demanded that they were given honour even if they were wrong on something. In the film Troy the respect given to the king, particularly Agamemnon was very high although he did not do anything. Odysseus, comments on this to Achilles who gets angry over the fact that warriors are giving the king things that they stole, even though he did nothing at all to deserve the gifts. Odysseus says War is old men talking, and young men dying. Evidently it is portrayed that the king had much respect whether he deserved it or not, and in this case, it is evident that Agamemnon did not deserve the respect that he was being given. Nonetheless, the king continued to be showered with gifts, as warriors were honoured to be in his presence and to be given a promise by him. Achilles elite group of warriors, the Myrmidons, were also a group that was given a lot of respect and was allowed to be different because they were necessary to the winnings of many battles. Although the king, particularly Agamemnon disliked Achilles and his group very much because of their individuality, he used them because of their skill. For example, all Greek warships that sailed had white sails but the ship that was used by the Myrmidons, had a black sail and was a showcase of their individuality. The Myrmidons, led by Achilles were so skilled that when they went out on their own onto the beaches of Troy, instead of waiting for the other Greek ships behind them, Agamemnon complained but soon acknowledged that it was the groups choice to do what they want. Evidently Achilles group, the Myrmidons, had a lot of respect from others, even Agamemnon who let them do what they wanted to, because of the Greek need for them and their skill. Overall class structure and the respect that w as given in the film Troy was historically accurate because it truthfully portrayed women, the king and the Myrmidons. From the beginning of the film Troy directed by Wolfgang Petersen, right to the end, the film proves that it is historically accurate and thus keeps the legend of the Trojan War, written down by Homer through his epic poem the Illiad alive. When analyzing the military portrayed in the film through the fighting formations, weapons and naval warfare, it is evident that the producers stuck to history and made an accurate portrayal of the Greek military. Culture as well is an aspect that proves to be truthful to the ancient Greek world through the portrayal of burial customs, religion and architecture. Finally, class structure and respect is yet another part of the film that remains historically faithful through the portrayal of the respect given to women, the king and Achilles elite group of warriors, the Myrmidons. Overall, it is apparent how new periods of time can still maintain history and portray legends, traditions and cultures of the past accurately, so that the audience can bene fit from the film and the story of the ancient world will never be lost. What Causes Poverty And Inequality? What Causes Poverty And Inequality? Poverty vary across rural and the urban areas. Rural areas have a higher poverty rate than urban areas due to low-wage jobs and a higher rural unemployment. Poverty rises as the area becomes more rural. Poverty could become a very serious issue everywhere. Lack of basic needs can increase the poverty rate. Urban areas are not likely to be affected to poverty but not all places. What is Poverty? For some people poverty could mean being poor or having no money. But to me personally poverty could mean so much more.Its when people lack the basic necessities for survival. For instance they may have been starving, lack of clean water, proper housing, isolated from family and friends, experiencing racism and discrimination, having problem in getting your basic needs, sufficient clothing or medicines and be struggling to stay alive. Poverty can mean different for each individual. It could mean What causes Poverty and Inequality? Some people may think that countries such as MEDCS (more economically developed countries) no one can be poor or if they are, its just due to some failings and problems. However, that is not the case. In reality it is more a measure of inequality. For example, a person who is relatively poor in a rich country usually suffers less material deprivation than someone who is living in a country with low overall standards. In these countries poverty could be an extreme major problem you are more likely to lack basic needs and survival can be more of a struggle, but because the general living standards are lower in these countries, there may be less relative poverty this will be less difference between the poor and the living standards of everybody else. How can poverty affect inequality? Poverty hits children hardest, like every lack of goods and services hurts every other human being. Poverty can damage childrens environment in every way whether it is physical, mental, emotional or spiritual. For example, women who must walk long distances to fetch household water may not be able to fully attend to their children; this may affect their health and development. And children themselves who walk long distances to fetch water for their family have less time to attend school. This problem particularly affects girls. Poverty can lead to malnutrition, which in turn is contributing factor in half of the under -five deaths in developing countries. Approximately 300 million children all around the world go to bed hungry every day. Fulfilling childrens right breaks that cycle. Poverty has been a very big problem in our world today. Poverty can affect inequality, the gap between the rich and the poor which is quite high and often getting wider and wider..People look at term pove rty in a different way depending if the country is poor or rich. World Hunger and Poverty World hunger is a terrible indicator of world poverty. There are many issues causing hunger which are related to factors that cause poverty. These are famine, drought, poor crop yields etc. The causes of hunger are related to the cause of poverty. One of the major causes of the hunger is poverty itself. According to the UNICEF over 9 million people die worldwide each year because of hunger and malnutrition almost 5 million are children. Poverty is transmitted from one generation to the next generation. For example malnourished babies often may give birth to an under -weight baby. These babies are more likely to die, but if they survive they are less likely to grow and develop to their full potential. The first goal of The United Nations Millennium Development Goals is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. UNICEF helps by building national capacitors for primary health care, healthy children become healthy adults. These people will create better lives for themselves, their communities and their countries. Helping the worlds children survive and flourish is another way in which UNICEF is helping. UNICEF also purchases and helps distribute to vaccines to over 40% of children in developing countries. UNICEF along with other governments and non-governmental organizations at national and community levels work to strengthen local health systems and improve at home care for children including re-hydration to save lives of infants with severe diarrhea and other diseases. Reducing Poverty Reducing Poverty should start with children. Every 3.6 seconds one person dies. This mostly applies to small children .Small children around the world die because of poverty. Poverty is a serious issue our world is facing today for countries all around the world especially countries in LEDCS (low economically developed countries). It is most threatening to childrens rights: survival, health and nutrition, education, participation, and protection from harm and exploitation. It creates an environment that is damaging to childrens development in every way mental, physical, emotional and spiritual. How Can Poverty Be Measured? Generally people who have been below at-risk-of poverty line for several years are likely to be in a more extreme situation than those who are only in such a situation for a short time, these people are those who live below the poverty line.  Ã‚  It is also important to measure the length of time that people are living in poverty.  Ã‚  However in many countries, it does not exist covering several consecutive years and this thus limits the possibility to measure those who are longer term below the relative income poverty line and they are likely to be in a worse situation. Global Perspective on Poverty Some countries are much poorer than other countries due to various reasons. Some countries such as USA and China are well developed and most people might not be suffering poverty. But as I said Poverty is present in this world, it does not matter where you are; it is always present. Some countries could be richer and some may still be developing. The gap in equality between countries has been widening in recent year. I think rich countries should be more aware of countries which have more problems due to poverty, this relates the developing countries. This might help the developing countries. The rich countries could help by giving money to provide poor countries food, Shelter, water and human basic needs. Local Perspective on Poverty Countries all round the world have been trying to solve this problem in many ways. For instance Poverty has decreased in Ethiopia for the past few years. Ethiopia is a developing country for now but few years later it is going to be one of the more economically developing countries. Some parts of Ethiopia, especially over the country side the government has helped to give some shelter and some food and water. Some big organizations have been helping try to overcome this issue. The ESCO and the UNICEF should be one of those who have given more consideration due to this issue; this helps our country solve this problem much faster way. Personal Perspectives on Poverty Being poor is a very repellent issue. We are very lucky students; we are able to sleep with our stomach filled and shelter to live in. I feel we are very lucky. Small children go to sleep hungry and die easily. We have the chance to be well educated and become successful. While as children which are poor dont even have money to eat or drink. They usually go to bed hungry. Some dont even have a place to live in this indicates that I think we are very lucky. Our parents have the money to send us to a proper school and we could get educated and become successful if we take our chance and use it properly. Conclusion As a conclusion all I can say is that poverty is the worst thing that could happen to a human being. Poverty doe not only happen in poor countries but it is also present in rich countries. Poverty and Inequality have been a major problem. One of the millennium goals is to solve this problem. If this problem is solved our world would have peace. Adults or children would be happier than before they will not go to bed hungry and this will make them stay alive and go to school. Work-Cited List (MLA CITATION)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shah,Anup.Causes of Poverty.web.Acessed on 21/11/11  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UNICEF.Millenium Development Goals.web.Acessed on 21/11/11  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shah,Anup.Causes of Hunger are related to poverty.web.Accessed on 21/11/11  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  European Anti-Poverty Network(EAPN).Poverty and Inequality in the European Union(EU).web.accessed on 21/11/11  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rogers,C.Carolyn.Dimensions of Child Poverty in Rural Areas.web. Accessed on 4/12/11

Essay --

Nehal Banik 12-12-13 Period 4 Room 121 The Noble Gettysburg Address The Gettysburg Address simply conveys the ideas that expands his wisdom of politics and Civil War, and civilizes those who wish to respect the dead that passed away fighting for their country. Abraham Lincoln, a great spokesman, and wise critic, throughout his speech uses many techniques that grasp his audience’s attention and pull them into the scenario at hand. His speech contains miscellaneous information from throughout human history that respects the great men that have fought for this country, and pertains to circumstances that would have been helpful in convincing his audience. The Gettysburg Address uses parallel structure that determines the tone of relaying a message of lost soldiers that fought for their part in the country. He is trying to establish a purpose where the Union needs to succeed and cannot perish before the country is whole again. The Gettysburg Address was written in a form that was meant to show his audience what had happened at Gettysburg; one of t he bloodiest and goring battles of the war; and was meant to convey his idea of our nation, and address the people about the peace and sacrifices that have been made so that the war would come to end and the that the nations success would not go down in vain. The purpose of his speech was to rally the people and spread his idea to the nation; to represent that the ideas that encircled the documents written by the founding fathers, and not let their imposing deaths go in vain. In the text, Lincoln begins to state, â€Å"That government of the people, by the people, shall not perish from the earth.† Lincoln translates the morals once taught by the founding fathers; government and democracy will... ... parallel structure not only are represented without restraint, but they were conveyed in respected manners of the viewer’s bias and were therefore abiding. The purpose and main ideas of the Gettysburg Address was to honor the brave soldiers that fought in the blood battles, and complete their task that was not finished. He begins to stress the importance of liberty and freedom. He wants the nation to be whole again and united so that they can improve it for the future generations. He tries to convey a message to everyone that they all have a part in the war and when they realize their job they can finally begin to move forward. The Gettysburg Address tells the people of America that even if many are lost, that their specific mission is not finished and there is still much to do before freedom can be portrayed by the people that live henceforth on this continent. Essay -- Nehal Banik 12-12-13 Period 4 Room 121 The Noble Gettysburg Address The Gettysburg Address simply conveys the ideas that expands his wisdom of politics and Civil War, and civilizes those who wish to respect the dead that passed away fighting for their country. Abraham Lincoln, a great spokesman, and wise critic, throughout his speech uses many techniques that grasp his audience’s attention and pull them into the scenario at hand. His speech contains miscellaneous information from throughout human history that respects the great men that have fought for this country, and pertains to circumstances that would have been helpful in convincing his audience. The Gettysburg Address uses parallel structure that determines the tone of relaying a message of lost soldiers that fought for their part in the country. He is trying to establish a purpose where the Union needs to succeed and cannot perish before the country is whole again. The Gettysburg Address was written in a form that was meant to show his audience what had happened at Gettysburg; one of t he bloodiest and goring battles of the war; and was meant to convey his idea of our nation, and address the people about the peace and sacrifices that have been made so that the war would come to end and the that the nations success would not go down in vain. The purpose of his speech was to rally the people and spread his idea to the nation; to represent that the ideas that encircled the documents written by the founding fathers, and not let their imposing deaths go in vain. In the text, Lincoln begins to state, â€Å"That government of the people, by the people, shall not perish from the earth.† Lincoln translates the morals once taught by the founding fathers; government and democracy will... ... parallel structure not only are represented without restraint, but they were conveyed in respected manners of the viewer’s bias and were therefore abiding. The purpose and main ideas of the Gettysburg Address was to honor the brave soldiers that fought in the blood battles, and complete their task that was not finished. He begins to stress the importance of liberty and freedom. He wants the nation to be whole again and united so that they can improve it for the future generations. He tries to convey a message to everyone that they all have a part in the war and when they realize their job they can finally begin to move forward. The Gettysburg Address tells the people of America that even if many are lost, that their specific mission is not finished and there is still much to do before freedom can be portrayed by the people that live henceforth on this continent.

Summary Of Beyond Formula: American Film Genres :: essays research papers fc

Summary Of Beyond Formula: American Film Genres The passage taken from the book, â€Å"Beyond Formula: American Film Genres† by Stanley Solomon, focuses specifically on Western films. Solomon suggests that, â€Å"the Western is primarily a genre of location,† (56) which not only suggests the plot of the movie but the characters portrayed in the film as well. If the location is based in a harsh or rugged environment, the viewers automatically assume that the characters in the film will be just as rugged or even unlawful. If location of the film takes place in a small country town the viewer knows that this usually means that that the town is under-populated and industrially inept. The viewer also knows that some sort of trial will present itself to the towns people, typically a group of out-laws, and the citizens of the town will have to muster up what courage they have and stand up to their rivals. In this case the towns people usually are unable to overcome their opponents causing them to rally around a strong spiri ted leader to lead them to victory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The location, according to Solomon, of Western films gives a direct view of moral values that both the hero of the story and the villain understand. If these values are broken both the hero and villain knows the consequence of their cowardly deed. Location also adds to the film by giving the characters another source of danger than the villains, causing them to be aware the their surroundings in order to survive. Solomon states that, â€Å"the location further determines the moral perspective by inviting sudden violence and the accompanying necessity of perpetual violence† (57).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the hero or villain arrives in the film, the location makes the viewer aware of the characters past, arousing a curiosity about the character and where he came from. â€Å"The arrival of the hero or villain in the Western setting,† Solomon states, â€Å"immediately prompts discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (58). According to Solomon, when the hero or villain shows up in the movie it is to be assumed that he has experienced life, and at the peak of his career, he has reached a critical point where he is now faced with a crisis that must be rectified.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Location, characterization and the characters history are the key elements to the Western film genre. According to Stanly Solomon, location is either a simple town, (or settlement) or the wilderness, and both types of locations involve countless attempts to overcome hardships.

The True Beast in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The True Beast in Othello      Ã‚  Ã‚   "What is left when honor is lost?" This maxim from first century BC plays a pivotal role in Shakespeare’s play Othello. The question serves as a basis for the struggle between Othello and Iago. Both men are engaged in a battle over Othello’s honor. Iago is intent on destroying Othello’s sense of honor and reducing him to a bestial state. Iago views Othello as a beast masquerading in warrior’s dress. He wants to return Othello to what he believes to be his natural bestial state, and he realizes that to achieve this goal he must dupe Othello into violating his code of honor. Ironically, as Iago tries to unmask Othello’s bestiality, it is the beast within Iago that is exposed. From the beginning of the play, Iago’s view of Othello as a beast is obvious. Iago repeatedly describes Othello in terms of animals. When Iago attempts to incite Brabantio’s anger, he does so by referring to Othello in vulgar, bestial terms. He says to Brabantio, "Even now, now, very now, an old black ram / Is tuping your white ewe" (1.1.89-90). He continues with, "you’ll have your daughter cover’d with a Barbary horse; / you’ll have your nephews neigh to you; / you’ll have coursers for cousins and gennets for germans" (1.1.110-114). He even exclaims to Brabantio that "your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs" (1.1.117-118). Each of these animalistic phrases could be viewed only as Iago’s attempt to anger Brabantio if it were not for the fact that Iago also refers to Othello as an animal when he is alone. In his soliloquy at the end of Act 1, Iago says that Othello "will as tenderly be led by th’nose / As asses are" (1.3.395-936). He again refers to Othello as an ass in Act 2: "Make the Mo... ...question, "What is left when honor is lost?" His answer comes from the mouth of Cassio: "Reputation, reputation, reputation! / O, I have lost my reputation! I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial" (2.3.254-256).    Works Cited Bandello, Matteo. "Certaine Tragicall Discourses of Bandello." Trans. Geoffrey Fenton. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Ed. Geoffrey Bullough. Vol. 7. New York: Columbia UP, 1973. Cinthio, Giovanni. "Gli Hecatommithi." Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Ed. Geoffrey Bullough. Vol. 7. New York: Columbia UP, 1973. Physiologus. The Book of Beasts: Being a Translation From a Latin Bestiary of the Twelfth Century. Ed. T. H. White. London: Jonathan Cape, 1954. Shakespeare, William. "Othello." The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. London: Collins, 1951.

International Governance of Environmental resources

People need many natural resources to live. Other natural resources are used to make life easier. Defining Global Governance Governance is the framework of social and economic systems and legal and political structures through which humanity manages itself. † World Humanity Action Trust, 2000. Environmental governance â€Å"is the term we use to describe how we as humans exercise our authority over natural resources and natural systems. † It is about questions concerning â€Å"how we make environmental decisions and who makes them†¦. Using this broad conceptualization, environmental governance involves much more than the work of governments. It â€Å"relates to decision-makers at all levels-?government managers and ministers, business people, property wieners, farmers, and consumers. In short, it deals with who is responsible, how they wield their power, and how they are held accountable. † In discussions of governance, three terms come up often: Institution s. In the context of governance, â€Å"institutions† can be thought of as the formal and informal rules that govern social interactions.Formal rules are illustrated by laws and regulations, and informal rules are illustrated by social norms. Good governance. This term is used to describe governance characterized by high levels of transparency, accountability, and fair treatment. Civil society. This term â€Å"refers to the arena of uncovered collective action around shared interests, purposes and values. In theory, its institutional forms are distinct from those of the state, family and market, though in practice, the boundaries between state, civil society, family and market are often complex, blurred and negotiated.Civil society commonly embraces a diversity of spaces, actors and institutional forms, varying in their degree of formality, autonomy and power. Civil societies are often populated by organizations such as registered charities, development non-governmental organ izations, community groups, women's organizations, faith-based organizations, professional associations, trades unions, self-help groups, social movements, business associations, coalitions and advocacy group. † Why Reform?Nature of problems Scale, scope and complexity Failed collective action Lack of incentives for collaboration Fragmentation Institutional proliferation Deficient authority Inadequate mandate, funding, political support Insufficient legitimacy Lack of process and outcome fairness What to Reform? Institutional structure re's Institutional methods of governing What to Achieved? Improved problem solving Improved collective action Enhanced legitimacy Strengthened policy space Improved fairness New global ethic How to Reform?

Criminology Paper

To discuss further, the surmisal of Sampson and L pothouse supposes that the individual characteristics of a mortal ar not the sole source for his primaeval delinquency and deviant fashion later in his spirit. There atomic number 18 brotherly hazard that whitethorn diversify the style Of other someones speckle others getting even with offending. There are three of import components proposed in the age-graded look- wrangle theory of Sampson and lab. First, the delinquency in childhood and adolescence can be explained by their unaffixed relation with their family as substantially as the environment they have at school.These informal relations they build inwardly their family and at school as well as the affectionate chequers coming from these cardinal family and school intervene with the micro- level structural scope of the children (Sampson & Lab, 1992). Second, in variant realms of flavour, the anti affectionate behavior from childhood through due dat e continues. Lastly, the informal complaisant attachments that individuals develop to their family and employment during adulthood explicate modifications in culpableity e in realityplace their supportspan in spite Of their early childhood tendencies (Sampson & Lab, 1992).The most crucial findings of Sampson and Lab is that the kindly attachments that individuals develop during adulthood adjoin some peoples social capital, therefrom jumper cable them to discontinue from most types of aberrant behavior. The theory further discussed how deviant behavior of individuals moderate as they build social bails to their fellow or coworkers. Peoples attachment to their spouse or coworkers increases their self-control that leads to their distance from pull outting offenses.In the article of Sampson and Lab, they in addition discuss what trajectories, transitions, and turn points are. A flight of steps, as explained in the article, is a pathway or line of phylogenesis over the life story span such as workable, marriage, parenthood, self-esteem, and criminal behavior (Sampson & Lab, 1992, p. 66). In other words, trajectories are the long-term recitations and sequences of behavior (Sampson & Lab, 1992, p. 66).Transitions, on the other hand, are the specific events in the life of a mortal. Good examples of transitions are premiere marriage or first hypothesise (Sampson & Lab, 1992). These transitions are implanted in trajectories. Transitions are the diversenesss that are more or less(prenominal) sudden. The close causal conjunctive of trajectories and transitions may create what is called a turn point. A turning point refers to a veer in the life line of work (Sampson & Lab, 1992, p. 66).It involves a certain experience, event, or awareness that leads to the change in the pathway or trajectory of a psyche over the long-term. jibe to Sampson and Lab, school, work, marriage, the military, and parenthood are examples of social institutions and tri ggering life experiences that may change trajectories (1992). The concepts of trajectory, transition and turning points re important in the subscribe of detestation because they help in taking into custody the dynamics of life short letter.From the theories presented by Sampson and Lab, as well as by Cottonseeds and Hirsch, life cast is a path, and the understanding of trajectories and turning points help us to give nub to the different factors that intervene and disturb the path of a souls life pedigree that may lead him to developing deviant or criminal behaviors. Looking at the trajectories of a person, one can ascertain the different relationships that the person has developed end-to-end time, thus causing IM to becoming what he is in the present time.Trajectories leave alone help us go over the environment that a person has been into, thus leading him to develop characteristics and personalities he has presently. Transitions, on the other hand, help determine whethe r or not the timing among one event and the happening of another(prenominal) event is enough for a person to adjust This adjustment is important because omit of this may lead a person to develop deviant behaviors. Turning points, or changes in life trajectories, are very crucial in the study of nuisance because these are frequently what cause children, or managers, or even adults to exhibit or develop aberrant behaviors.These turning points, such as divorce of parents, retirement, or death, if will not match the behavior of a person may lead to creaky behaviors. While Sampson and Lab speak of individuals characteristics, social circumstances, as well as social obliges in understanding the criminality of a person, Cottonseeds and Hirsch, in their general theory of crime, propose that the imprudence and criminality of a person can be anticipated only if by looking at the need of self-control of a person (Sampson & Lab, 1992).They et excursion the possibility of the other life and social factors that may intercept in the development of deviant behavior of a person. Nonetheless, Cottonseeds and Hirsch conduct that although the personality of a person, for example his overleap of self-control, does not change through time, the connection between self-control and crime is hypersensitized to change. The concept of life- rails persuasion of Cottonseeds and Hirsch is inversely conjugated to the level of self-control of a person.According to them, a persons self-control is what shapes his agency in a manner that he tends to choose to e part of an environment that counterparts his level of self-control. The life var. perspective of Sampson and L pub has been recognized by Cacao and Kennedy in explaining social control theory in general. Cacao and Kennedy agree that life course perspective is different from the other perspectives approximately social control and criminality because it acknowledges how different events or factors in the life course of peopl e affect their progress at different times.By reconciling two contradicting findings in the field of crime research, one finding proposes that adult criminality is strongly wedge by patterns of childhood behavior while the other finding puts anterior that changes in the life of people impact their dip of criminality, Sampson and Lab are able to entrust an explanation as to whether or not the propensity to commit an offense changes or remains the kindred over the life course of people (Cacao & Kennedy, 2011).Cacao and Kennedy further phrase that the principles laid in the life course perspective are important in understanding the different informal social control present or croak present in the life course of an offender that lead to the modification of a arsons criminal involvement (2011). Additionally, the life course approach is a useful shaft in ascertaining how changes in crime pattern of people across their life course are being affected with the opportunities and circu mstances that they face as they move forward in life.In general, the life course perspective theory is related to the social control theory in general with respect to the persons bond or attachment to society. Social control theory postulates that delinquent acts are often the result of people having a nerveless or broken bond to their society. This operator that when people are less affiliated to others, they are more prone to deviating from social norms and standards. Since they no important relationships with other people, they really have nothing to lose, therefore, it becomes very clear for them to commit a crime.The life course perspective of Sampson and Lab basically offers the same path of explaining how informal social relations can affect a persons perpetration to his society. They say that the attachment or bond that a person develop throughout life with his spouse or coworkers makes a person more committed to his society. He loses his motivation to deviate or to com mit an offense because Of the social bond he has developed mainly due to her fix for his spouse or coworkers.

Health and Fitness on nutrition needs for body Essay

Nutrition for athletes Journal of sports science. 22(1): 39-55. (2004) Journal on Timing of Energy and Fluid Intake. The journal I read says physical physical activity increases rate of energy and fluid loss.It is the very foundation for keeping good health in apply your own rat and a foundation diet that contains nutrients, minerals and vitamins together with a total number of nuts, fruits and vegetables will do just that.Carbohydrates 7 to 8 g/kg body weight per day. Complex carbohydrates rather than sugars are preferred sources. high Protein in adult’s 1-2g/kg body weight per day. Protein in a child is 2g/kg body weight per day.The number is closely connected keyword with blood sugar control.

The more frequent the eating pattern, the lower the body fat and the higher the muscle mass. Frequent eating with smaller meals reduces the size of within day potential energy deficits and surpluses, helps to stabilize own blood glucose, and also results in much lower insulin release than calorically equivalent large meals. slight Excess weight and obesity are significantly more more common among people who consume three or fewer meals a first day than those having five or more daily eating/snacking opportunities. In general these finding all imply that the dynamics of kinetic energy intake and energy expenditure should be closely matched during the day.Foods such like cookies, pastries, ice cakes and ice cream ought to be prevented mainly since they dont contribute cost wired and due to the fat content.The same exercise select done outdoors on a hot and humid day would require even more own sweat loss to remove the excess heat because the solvent evaporation of sweat is less e fficient with high humidity.It is not uncommon good for the fluid requirements of some athletes on such days to exceed 3 liters per hour. A person gets thirsty after about 1.5 l of body water.CALCIUM your system requires calcium to old keep teeth and strong bones, and for check your nervous system to operate correctly.

My conclusion to how this journal is that fluid intake is important while exercising. Your body sweats and fluids what are needed. Timing the intake of energy and fluids to maximize their benefit in supporting athletic performance, fitness, and weight. Exercise uses energy logical and fluids which your body needs.The body requires water to live.Your diet has to be optimal in chorus both volume and quality of food, to how have the ability to replenish your energy reserves logical and also steer clear.Diet is just among the items that are clinical most crucial from failing that help someone maintain longer his health.

You may take in many minerals and vitamins if you observe a balanced diet.Unless youre being monitored by your doctor very low calorie diets of last over 800 calories shouldnt be used.Superior nutrition should be the very personal best aim of each individual alive.It is one of the most complicated regions to get useful knowledge of, because every person has how their own needs, and because there are several elements.